How

Harmonic currents and voltages can harmonic currents and voltages can have various strengths.

Depending on the electrical setup, the system can handle those levels.

A harmonic study helps you analyze this wave distortion and reveals whether its ranges are acceptable.

That allows you to find potential issues and deal with them.

If you’d like to learn more about harmonic study, we have a detailed guide below!

The Overview of a Harmonic

Harmonic is a type of waveform that occurs in electricity.

The form is non-sinusoidal and occurs periodically. So, how would you present it?

Caption: Sine wave – illustration

You would use a sum of the sine wave whose integer is the basic frequency’s multiple.

However, there might be a superposition between the harmonic wave and the basic frequency.

If that occurs, you’ll notice the forming of a distorted wave, and that’s what makes it non-sinusoidal.

How to Produce Harmonics

You need a non-linear load to produce harmonic waves.

That’s because a non-linear load reduces the amount of electrical energy the system utilizes.

So, these loads imply semiconductor components achieve higher efficiency.

While that’s useful, these parts can lead to interference.

That interference appears as current distortion. It also adjusts the voltage signals that go back into the power setup.

If that happens, that means a harmonic occurred.

Here are the most common harmonic sources across various industries.

Electric Devices

Caption: A PC desktop can cause harmonic waves

A wide range of products can cause harmonic distortions.

That includes the following: 

• Pumps and fans that have VFDs – variable frequency drives.
• Personal computers and instruments with SMPS – a switched-mode electricity supply.
• Harmonic distortion can appear in systems for battery charging.
• You might face this waveform if you have a flexible AC transmission system.
• VAR compensators that are static and non-interruptive power supplies can also have harmonics.

Magnetic Gear

The condition is that the equipment is saturable.

For example, this gear can lead to harmonics:

• Harmonic generators. Synchronous generators create them because the air gap has a flux that distributes in a non-sinusoidal form. You can pick a pitch factor to decrease the harmonics.
• Transformers. If overexcitement occurs, it might lead to harmonics. If an inrush current occurs, you might notice some waves. However, they only last for a short while.
• Discharge lamps. Fluorescent lamps and sodium at high pressures can lead to harmonic currents.
• Rotating machines. Third harmonic currents can appear from induction motors. However, these machines must be under non-standard conditions.

An Analysis of Harmonics’ Effects

Caption: A warning sign with graphics

Harmonic voltage distortion can cause a wide range of issues.

It has various effects on different parts, including:

• Capacitors. You’ll find the capacitors and the system has a parallel resonance. That could lead to a shorter conductor lifespan and even its destruction.
• Conductors. The resistance and current might increase, which leads to cable heating.
• Neutral conductors. The current can return via these parts. Therefore, you could face overcurrent, heating, and a shorter lifespan of the conductor.
• Transformers. You might notice too much heat because the harmonics go via windings. Furthermore, that leads to losing thermal insulation and affects overall performance. The torque could be lower, and bearings will deter quickly.
• Motors. The performance might suffer, and you could face similar issues as in Transformers.
• Control devices. You can get wrong results and errors. That refers to magnitude values and the zero reference of a wave.

When a Harmonic Study Is Necessary

Caption: A person writing down the factors when a harmonic study is necessary

If you are unsure when to do a harmonic study, here are a few pointers:

• Did you notice a large quantity of non-linear loads? Do a harmonic study if they are above a fourth of the systems or bus’s total load.
• Is there an issue with power quality?
• Do the parts of your power system deal with damage frequently?

These are all good reasons for harmonic analysis. You can also do it to meet regulations and check the system’s performance.

What Are the Goals of a Harmonic Study?

Caption: Waves oscillating – illustration

Your goal might depend on the industry. However, the common tasks include:

• Meeting the Standard 519 of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. It’s a document that refers to harmonic control in electric systems.
• Check how the harmonic distortion affects the system.
• Suppose you plan to add non-linear loads to expand the system. The harmonic analysis can help to learn how to improve the setup to suit the new needs.
• Suppose you notice problems that harmonics can cause. Those could include overhearing, devices not working well, etc.
• That’s part of planning an entirely new power setup.

What Do You Get with a Harmonic Study?

Caption: An electrician reading the power output

Why would you analyze harmonic generation?

There are many reasons to do a study.

• Check the existing power setup and collect important data. You can use this data for other tests later.
• Find where high-harmonic generation appears in your system. Furthermore, learn about its type, place, and size.
• Check how harmonic conditions affect current and voltage in your setup.
• If there are any harmonic penetrations, you can learn about them.
• Find the THD – total harmonic distortion – and its magnitude on each frequency.
• You’ll learn if the distortion levels align with relevant codes and requirements.
• Measuring any harmonic indices to ensure they meet the standard is possible.
• Find if there is any serial or parallel resonance.
• If you need them, you can create and check harmonic filters.

Harmonic Study and Analysis – Details on How to Perform It

The IEEE developed a guideline when doing harmonic analysis studies.

You can check it to learn more about the process. Here are the major things you should know!

What Tools Do You Need?

Caption: Various electrical equipment shown in the photo

Before you start, you should have the right tools.

If you have a small system, you can go for manual calculations.

However, please note these can lead to errors.

Furthermore, they are often complex. 

You can also try field measurements.

They are useful if you need to check the design or if there is a field issue. If the latter occurs, it can help you diagnose it.

The most common way is a computer simulation.

It’s affordable and simple, but it gives accurate harmonic analysis.

What Data Should You Acquire?

To do a harmonic study, you must get various data first.

Here is what you should have:

• Gather the system details.
• The nominal voltage of your bus and limits of harmonic distortions.
• If there are non-linear loads, what’s the maximum voltage you expect?
• The short-circuit MVA for the single and three-phase setups. You also need zero, negative, positive, reactance, and resistance sequences (if applicable).
• Use the basic frequency to get rated voltage, kVa/MVA, and negative reactance. Do this for both the generators and the motors.
• You’ll need kV ratings of any shunt reactors and capacitors.
• Resistance and reactance of circuit elements, such as the bus duct and reactors that limit current.
• The number of pulses, phases, converter connections, and nameplate ratings.
• The structure and type of the harmonic filter. If there are special buses, make sure to get harmonic limits for each.

Collecting and Preparing Data

An integral step in harmonic analysis is to prepare and model data. It will depend on the system device, but here are some tips:

• If there is power grid data, ensure the utility is the source.
• For load data, get it from any tests and the load nameplate.
• Include test information along with the data from the designer for cable and line data.
• The manufacturer will deliver data on the rotating machines. Use that info, and details from the factory acceptance test and other checks.
• Get the info on the transformer and other parts from the nameplate.
• The manufacturer should get you info on non-linear unit voltage-current features. The same applies to the harmonic filter and current and voltage harmonic spectrum.

If you performed any tests in the above areas, show that data, too.

Step-by-Step Instructions

Caption: An illustration of a checklist with the completed first step

Do you want to conduct a harmonic study?

The steps are similar for commercial and industrial facilities.

Here are the actions to follow:

1. You should have a single-line diagram.
2. Make sure you have the ratings and other info on the gear.
3. Check where non-linear loads and harmonics appear. Make sure to write down the places.
4. Call the utility provider and get the PCC’s data and harmonic specifics. Get the lowest and highest fault limits or system impedance that acts as a frequency function in various system conditions. Additionally, get acceptable levels for harmonic distortion.
5. Analyze the default configuration. You need to find the shunt capacitors and harmonic source bases and find the driving point impedance loci.
6. Find the total harmonic voltage, as well as the individual one.
7. Check the ratings with the ones that standards suggest.
8. If you find something to go above the normal level, make sure to adjust the capacitors.
9. You’ll need filters in areas where harmonic distortion exceeds the acceptable range.

For the seventh step, here is more information on the adequate ranges:

• The current should be less or equal to 180% of the rated RMS.
• KVAR should be less or equal to 135% to its ratings.
• RMS crest voltage can be less or equal to 1.2 times the rated level.
• The continuous operating voltage shouldn’t exceed 110% of its rating.

Preparing a Report

Once you finish, it’s time to write a report on the harmonic study.

Here is what you should add to it:

• Any general system info you have? That means lists of machines, branches, buses, etc.
• The bus input data should have everything from ID and name to nominal voltage and harmonic limits.
• The configuration of the system with engineering data revision. Add info about the input data, simulation, and solution.
• A full report on the basic lead flow.
• The spectrum of harmonic sources, including place, phase angle, and magnitude.
• If you have overloading of the filters, cables, and transformers, add that info to the report.
• Add that info to the report if you have overloading of the filters, cables, and transformers.
• Reports on harmonic voltages for branches and buses. Make sure to add reports for each frequency.

Conclusion

Harmonic has effects on multiple parts of the system.

Therefore, it can cause many issues in the setup.

That’s why harmonic analyses and studies can help to deal with these problems.

Remember that cables and wiring are an important part of any setup.

If you need top-quality solutions, don’t hesitate to contact Cloom today!

What happens when the primary power source goes off?

An alternate source starts operating and powers the electrical equipment. 

How does this happen?

A transfer switch switches the electrical loads between two power sources. 

Sometimes, these transfer switches are manual.

An operator throws the switch whenever the two power sources lose or gain power.

However, now you can find an automatic transfer switch.

This switch has a specific control panel system that makes the switch automatic.

The control panel detects the primary source failure and leads to the start of the engine generator.

To ensure that the ATS works properly, you must conduct ATS testing.

Here are the helpful automatic transfer switch testing procedures.

How do Automatic Transfer Switches Work?

The automatic transfer switch is a self-acting device.

The control logic of the switch is automatic and microprocessor-based.

It regularly monitors the frequency and voltage of power sources.

In general, automatic transfer switches connect to the primary power source or utility by default.

However, when the primary power source fails, it connects to the alternate power source, i.e., a generator or backup utility. 

The switch transfers the load to the primary power supply on normal power restoration. 

You have to install these switches at the location of the backup generator.

NFPA guidelines for automatic transfer switch testing:

• You must do inspection and operational testing.
• Test all the EPSSs and internal and mechanical components once a month.
• Operate the automatic transfer switch monthly.
• You must perform an electrical function test periodically, including transferring the switch to the alternate power source from the standard source and returning it.

Image: ATS installed under a building water

Automatic Transfer Switch Testing Procedures– Monthly Automatic Transfer Switch Functional Testing

Most facilities, such as hospitals, data centers, factories, etc., require continuous power to deal with power failure circumstances.

They use an emergency system for alternate power sources.

This can be an engine generator or any other backup utility. 

If your automatic transfer switches (ATS) do not work, it may lead to serious issues.

Thus, you must do operational testing of automatic transfer once a month to ensure the smooth working of the switches. 

Precautions to take:

• Firstly, make sure that you close the enclosure door of the generator set to prevent injury.
• Secondly, ensure that the normal and emergency power sources should be there.
• Finally, ensure that the emergency power sources should be in working condition.

Follow these steps for electrical operation transfer testing of an ATS and standby generator

• First of all, turn the isolation handle anti-clockwise to the test position. This will turn on the transfer switch connected to normal and normal source-accepted lights.
• Now, turn and hold the transfer control switch clockwise to the transfer test. The delay to the engine start timer begins its cycle. This cycle will take 15 seconds until the engine starts and runs. When the cycle completes itself, the “engine start contacts” close, and it starts the generator. With this, the emergency power source lights will turn on.
• This triggers a 2B time delay, and after this, the transfer switch will work in an emergency position. As a result, the transfer switch connected to the emergency light or the S2 position LED turns on. Along with this, the transfer switch connected to normal will turn off.
• After the feature 3A time delay, the transfer switch will return to the normal position.
• To retransfer immediately, turn the transfer control switch in an anti-clockwise direction to retransfer delay bypass. As a result, the transfer switch connected to normal will turn on, and the transfer switch connected to emergency or the S2 position LED will go off. Now, turn the isolation handle clockwise to the connected position.
• After the feature 2E time delay, the generator will stop. The cycle of the delay engine stop timer starts. During this time, the generator set runs without load.
• It is important to give a minimum 5-minute delay for the unloaded running of the generator. Let the engine cool down during this time. 

With these steps, you can verify whether:

• All the functions are running correctly when the load shifts to an emergency power source in case of primary source failure.
• S1 (source1) LED and S2 position LED are working properly.
• There is any vibration or noise during operation.
• All the time delays during the load transfer are working correctly. 

Automatic Transfer Switch Testing Procedures– Annual preventive transfer switch maintenance process

To ensure the reliability and life of the automatic transfer switches, proper maintenance is important. 

The switch uses dangerous voltage that can shock, burn, and even death.

Thus, make sure that you disconnect ATS with the normal power source and the emergency power supply system before any automatic transfer switch maintenance activity.

• First, conduct a visual inspection and look for any dirt, dust, or moisture. Remove all the dust with the help of a soft brush or a vacuum cleaner. Clean the moisture with a cloth.
• You will find a manual operator handle on the switch for maintenance purposes. You must check for any issues in manual operation. 
• Next, remove the transfer switch barriers. Check all the internal components and contacts of the switches. Contacts must last till the life of the switch. Reinstall all the barriers carefully.
• Due to harsh operating conditions, the lubrication on the switch may get lost. Thus, apply lubricants on all movements and linkages.
• Then, check the connections of all cables and wires. Re-tighten them if required.
• Finally, ensure the switch has manual transfer warnings to avoid accidents.

Automatic Transfer Switch Testing Procedures–Who performs this test?

If it is a normal automatic transfer switch testing, any local person can do it.

However, for advanced testing procedures, you have to contract out this task to experts.

When doing so, ensure the contracting company meets all the safety requirements of the OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration).

Also, the company must have industry-trained technicians to do this job.

Having qualified personnel means they are very well familiar with the procedures, related risks, and safety procedures of the ATS.

Conclusion:

Testing an automatic transfer switch ensures that you get a continuous power supply.

It will also ensure that the load transfer process, from primary power supply to emergency power supply, is efficient, safe, and fast.

During the installation of ATS, if you need any help regarding wires and cable assemblies, contact Cloom.

We deal in high-quality ones for your electrical system needs.

Using motors is a part of your work if you belong to automotive, steel, or any other heavy machinery.

Indeed, these devices have made hectic tasks a matter of no time by converting electrical or hydro energy into mechanical power.

Useful as it sounds, it comprises complex parts for its function.

If anyone malfunctions, it can cost you a lot of time and money.

Hence, you must know how to test an electric motor with time.

What to Test on A Motor?

For electric motor testing, you must know what parts or factors to check periodically to minimize the potential delay.

Bearings and Shaft

The motor’s bearings are the component with most of the load on it.

As time passes, it is worn out and may cause damage to other machinery if not changed with time.

Therefore, you have to keep an eye on it.

Testing the bearing and the shaft is easy.

All you need to do is move it and check whether it is rotating smoothly.

If not, lubrication might help, or you must replace it completely with the new one.

Motor Windings 

In a motor, windings provide a path to current flow, creating a magnetic field that rotates the gears.

Besides, they play a significant role in motor function; you must inspect them regularly.

For that, you need a multimeter to see the ohm readings of the wires and terminals.

You will test the windings for each of the wires and check whether all the components of windings have a regular flow of current.

Then, you will test them with each other to check the shortage in phases.

Power 

As a motor runs on electricity, you must check its power supply.

For that, again, you can use a multimeter.

Excellent power ratings vary from motor to motor, so you must consider the type before choosing the threshold value.

Check the user manual before conducting a power test for complete guidance.

If done otherwise, you could complicate the process, wasting your time and damaging the motor.

So hire a professional if you don’t have any experience.

Motor Fan

While testing the components, people mostly forget it is the motor fan.

Not knowing how much it is crucial, you may not maintain it.

A fan can keep your motor cooler, increasing its life span.

Thus, you have to ensure it is clean and debris-free.

Meanwhile, you are cleaning your motor, make it a habit to rotate your fan and check whether it is moving smoothly or not.

If not, lubricate or change it to the new one to protect your motor from overheating.

Tools for Motor Testing

For conducting electric motor testing successfully, having a good tool kit on hand is crucial.

Digital multimeter (DMM) 

A multifunctional tool, a digital meter is a power pack of voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter.

You can use a multimeter to check a circuit’s power loss, excessive current levels, and fluctuating resistance readings.

A screen to see the value on a DMM, a dial to choose the value to measure, and input jacks to connect the test leads. 

Clamp-on ammeter 

Used to measure both AC and DC currents, a clamp-on ammeter measures the strength of the magnetic field produced around the conductor.

A pair of jaws on this ammeter makes it easy to clamp it on the wire or other testing object.

Using a clamp meter, you can check the current without disconnecting the system.

Clamp-on ammeters are convenient and hence the first choice of technicians. 

Meg-ohmmeter

With a megger or megohmmeter, you can test the insulation level of a wire.

It does this by giving a high volt, low DC charge and assessing the current leakage, if any.

After that, it displays the value on the screen, making it handy for everyday insulation maintenance. 

Non-contact thermometer

Ideal for determining the temperature from a distance, a non-contact thermometer measures thermal radiations emitting from moving or hard-to-reach parts of the machine using temperature sensors.

Likewise, it is shaped like a radar gun, so you can use it to check the temperature of an apparatus from a safe point.

Power quality analyzer

Another multifunctional tool for testing motors, a power quality analyzer, is more expensive than the above.

But the functions it provides, such as

• Calculating power in neutral as well as all three phases
• Measuring Inrush currents and swells
• Integrating with compatible software makes it worth every single penny 

Methods of Motor Testing

For a good maintenance program, you must plan out the technique you choose from several methods.

Typically, there are two classes of motor testing;

• Online dynamic testing provides the data for power quality and specifies under which conditions you should operate a motor.
• With this testing, you should collect the readings on power condition, voltage level, imbalance, load, and torque from a moving motor.
• You can then analyze these values and assess the motor performance effectively.
• Whereas offline static analysis determines the functioning of each part in an electrical motor and given current and voltage. You can use it to check for broken rotor bars, end rings, and misalignment in the components. To maintain your motor, you must perform it regularly when the machine is not running to figure out issues on the spot.

Some of the common issues motors face are the rotor and winding failure.

You can test the motor with various proven methods to lessen these problems.

Electric Motor Rotating Test

To avoid damage to the machinery, you have to check the direction the motor is rotating before connecting it to a load.

While checking a three-phase motor, you will need a phase rotation meter with six leads, three on the motor and three on the supply side.

Motor Impulse Test

The impulse test tells you how your system will withstand sudden voltage and power surges.

Usually, the motor gets overvoltage due to weather conditions, voltage variations from AC to DC, and voltage equipment changes.

Therefore, you have to test the motor after these situations occur.

Insulation Resistance Test

Resistance of insulation decreases with the increase in its temperature.

This test ensures the motor has adequate resistance so that the current flow does not stop.

According to IEEE 43 standard, this test needs a temperature rectification of 40C.

Wound Rotor Test

With a wound rotor test, you can reach the main cause of the problem as it isolates the stator, rotor, and resistance bank.

Like the working of a transformer, any changes in the rotor (secondary) circuit having a resistance bank will cause a change in the stator (primary) circuit and vice versa.

Megger Testing

Megger tests check for the insulation resistance of a motor.

As a good approach, Combining it with another type of test is best to detect all the faults in winding completely.

Winding Resistance Testing

With a digital multimeter, you can check for winding resistance to ensure you have wired all the circuits properly and have no loose connections.

In addition, this resistance also allows enough flow of charges through the coil for its effective working.

HiPot Test

High Potential Test reviews the weakness in the insulation of cable or wire.

You will apply current between the circuit and the motor frame to conduct this test.

Notice the leakage current and the corresponding resistance of that point.

Note the values as lower readings of meg-ohm show damaged insulation.

Surge Test

Note that you have to perform a Surge test under IEEE 522 standard.

The surge test helps in the detection of potential motor burnout and failure.

It indicates the voltage level according to the type of motor and its winding.

You can identify failing insulation and dead shorts with this test.

Core Loss Test

Core Loss tests check the difference between the input and output power and check it against the standard value.

It indicates the motor requires replacement to maintain the system’s highest performance.

Polarization Index Testing

PI test checks for the fitness of the motor.

Correspondingly, it gives you the stats on how much moisture and dirt is built inside the motor and its effects on insulation.

For that, you take the values of insulation 10 minutes apart.

Their ratio is your Polarization index value.

DC step voltage testing

Step Voltage also looks for the insulation integrity in a circuit.

You should perform it after finding the value of PI and increasing the voltage after a given time.

Outcoming values will plot a graph for you, which is if non-linear, your motor has insulation problems.

You have to conduct this test under IEEE 95 Standard.

Voltage Drop Test

The voltage drop test provides information about the resistance in high ampere circuits.

Similarly, it is one of the quickest tests for evaluating a circuit operation’s quality.

You can take the voltage drop values as a sign of maintenance and cleaning the motor circuitry.

Vibration Analysis

Vibration analysis is an online test that gives the data on a motor according to a schedule.

Using a MEM sensor, you will collect the data in a waveform shape.

With this test, you can check for bearing defects, resonance conditions, rotor and stator faults, and broken welds or loose bolts.

Rotor Bar Test

To examine any damaged rotor bars, you can apply the growler, single-phase, and high-current rotor tests.

These tests allow you to look into the discontinued current flow and fluctuations.

In a high current rotor test, you can also perform a visual inspection on the surface of the rotor to reveal damaged spots using an infrared camera.

Automated Test

With the advancement of technology, modern motor testing uses the benefits of automatic fault testing methods.

Therefore you can easily find an automated diagnostic tool to perform all electrical tests in one device.

By using automated testing, the chances of having operators error minimize to 0, and you get more accurate results.

Test Single-phase Electric Motors

For testing a single-phase AC motor, follow these simple steps.

• General Inspections; See the basic wiring of the motor. Rotate the shaft and fan with your hand to see if they are running smoothly or not. This way, you will inspect that the basic components are good for the run.
• Capacitor test: Test the power supply and capacitor terminal voltage with a multimeter. The capacitor voltage should be 1.7 times more than the supply Voltage.
• Extension Cable Test; For this test, power off the system first. Then test the points near the motor and power supply. If the circuit is intact, the tester will beep.
• Winding Resistance Test; Test the resistance readings by removing all the extra components. Measure the resistance in each winding. If they conform to designated values, your motor is ready to roll.

In case your motor doesn’t pass the capacitor test, check/replace the capacitor or wiring.

Also, if it fails the extension test, check the cable or connector; if it fails the winding resistance test, replace the motor.

Testing Three-phase AC Motors

For testing a three-phase AC motor, follow these simple steps.

• General Inspections; See the appearance of the motor and look for any burnt or damaged areas. Rotate the shaft and fan with your hand to see if they are running smoothly or not. After that, test it with an amps test and access the value compared to the values proved on the motor manual.
• Earth Continuity and Resistance Test; With a multimeter, measure the resistance between the motor frame and the earth. It should be less than 0.5 OHMS, or else it requires repairing.
• Supply Test; If you have a 230/400V three-phase motor, the normal voltage value will be 230V between phase to the neutral point and 400V between supply lines. Check it using a multimeter and ensure the good condition of the motor.
• Winding Continuity Test; Test the continuity from phase to phase. If any phase fails the test, the motor is burnt; otherwise, the motor is good to go.
• Winding Resistance Test; Test the resistance readings from phase to phase. Each winding will give you nearly equal value to each other. Otherwise, there is insulation breakage.
• Insulation Resistance Test; Inspect the insulation readings from phase to phase and phase to the motor. Note that failed insulation resistance indicates a failed motor circuit and needs change.
• Running Amps Test; Using a clamp-on meter, check the full load amps or FLA and compare it with the value on the nameplate or manual. If values deviate from each other, you need to change the motor under test.

Prepare your Test Program

You can prepare your testing program by taking help from the following steps.

1. Start personal preparation by taking deeper knowledge of the system and circuits
2. Analyze the machine you will test based on its operation ratings, safety, logic, and environmental criticality. Discuss these factors before the test with your team for deeper insight.
3. Check your weapons. See the tool’s batteries, power cords, voltage clips, and updates on software if you are using one.
4. Check the operational status of your tester before going into the field.
5. Test as many circuits with maximum load as possible since you devote time and energy to it.
6. Confirm identified anomalies, as it exists if you are getting a compromised reading during the test. If not, you can have a bad reputation in the market or be accused of using bad tools or both.
7. Try using different technologies in the same test environment to minimize erroneous results.
8. In the end, Generate readable reports so your clients can see the results and benefit from them.

Conclusion

Wrapping up the discussion, testing a motor at the right time can save you from damages in the future.

You can conduct different tests and check their windings, frames, and insulation for this purpose.

However, it is advised to conduct the test periodically to minimize the chances of a burnt electric motor.

Testing motors often require repeated wiring and is tough when the machine is complex.

Here at Cloom, we offer custom wiring assembly with attention to each detail so that your devices are easy to maintain. 

Have you seen a sudden blast or shock wave in a power system?

Well, most of the blasts occur due to an electrical fault.

Short circuit analysis is harmful to every power system.

It can damage electrical equipment. It can also injure or harm the working personnel.

Short circuit analysis is an important part of electrical maintenance.

So, you had better do it when you add new cables, circuit breakers, etc., to the power system.

However, before that, you must know what a short circuit is.

What is a Short Circuit?

When high currents exceed the limit of protective devices, it becomes dangerous.

It occurs when two points of different voltages connect.

And the electric current travels to an unintended path of low resistance.

Owing to the low resistance, there is a high flow of current.

Contact between two points of different voltages creates the wrong path.

So, energy is rapidly released in the form of heat and magnetic fields.

This creates a shock wave, overheating, explosions, fires, or circuit damage.

Most of the time, short circuits occur due to faults.

However, at times, you can do it for testing purposes.

Image: short circuit and burnt cable

In an Alternating current system, a short circuit can occur:

• If one phase touches another phase
• T phase touches the ground
• If the phase touches neutral
• If the windings of a machine touch each other in one phase

Direct current system results in a short circuit in the following circumstances:

• When two poles touch the ground
• When there is contact between poles.

Different Faults that Occur Due to Short Circuits

Short Circuits can lead to faults within the system. They are:

Bolted fault: Sometimes, you bolt two conductors of different voltages together or to a power source.

This source of power is bolted to the ground.

This results in a bolted fault.

No fault resistance exists, so the highest possible current passes through the system.

Bolted faults are quite unusual and occur by chance only.

You can use bolted faults to speed up the operation of protective devices.

Arc fault: This fault occurs when current flows through two conductors which are not in contact.

When there is high system voltage, an arc forms between system conductors and the ground, this arc has very high resistance.

A simple overcurrent protection device cannot detect this arc. It can cause severe damage to the cables before becoming a complete short circuit.

Also, it may lead to arc blast or arc flash, leading to severe injuries.

Image: electric cord exploding

Ground fault: A wrong connection between the conductors and the earth results in this fault condition.

The current flows through a low-resistance path to the ground.

This results in dangerous circulating currents that damage the equipment at high voltage.

This path may lead to serious injuries when it passes through the human body.

Most of the power systems are designed to bear one ground fault.

However, a second fault leads to electrical components failure.

The electrical shock from the ground fault also stops the human heart from functioning.

Symmetrical faults and non-symmetrical faults:

Polyphase systems can have either symmetrical or non-symmetrical faults.

The differences between them are:

• Symmetrical fault current affects all phases equally. On the other hand, non-symmetrical will affect only a few or all phases unequally.
• You can analyze symmetrical faults. However, the non-symmetrical fault current is difficult to detect.
• Non-symmetrical faults are common, while symmetrical faults account for only 5%.

Why do Short Circuits Damage Equipment?

Sudden short circuit results in extensive equipment damage.

Two phenomena increase the risk of equipment damage during a short circuit event.

Image: overloaded circuit board

Thermal phenomenon: Short can lead to energy releases through intense heat.

This is the thermal phenomenon. This heat damages an electrical circuit in various ways:

• The melts the ends of the conductors.
• Causes damage to the insulation.
• It generates electric arcs.
• It destroys the thermal elements in the bimetal relay

Electro-dynamic phenomenon: Sometimes, the short circuit current creates high mechanical stress.

This results in physical damage to the conductor’s windings and conductors.

Also, it can result in the repulsion of contacts within conductors.

Protective Devices for Short Circuits

An overcurrent situation is dangerous for equipment and humans.

In such situations, you need to use a protective device.

The protective device detects any fault current. On detection, it trips the circuit at once.

This prevents the current from reaching its maximum limit.

These electrical protection devices have two features:

• Breaking capacity: When a high current travels, the protective device will break the circuit. The highest value of this current is the breaking capacity.
• Closing capacity: The maximum short circuit current at which the device will reach its rated voltage.

An electrical circuit has different power system protective devices. However, the most common type is:

Fuse: This protective device gives you high breaking capacity.

Circuit breakage occurs even at low voltage. However, you have to replace it once it trips.

The fuse protects the electrical circuit from electro-dynamic stress.

This protective device is suitable for phase-by-phase protection.

Image: electrical fuses

Circuit breakers: Circuit breakers break the circuit automatically in a short cut-off time.

Circuit breakers separate the load from the power supply.

This will protect the electric circuit from damage.

Unlike a fuse, it protects the electric circuit against thermal and electro-dynamic effects.

Image: electricity distribution box with circuit breakers and wires

Ground Fault Interrupter: The current flows in the charged conductor in an electric circuit and returns through the neutral conductor.

Ground Fault Interrupter (GFI) detects any difference in this circuit current.

If there is a difference in circuit current, current flows stop at once.

This protective device can protect you from the shock wave.

You can use ground fault interrupters in your homes for bathrooms and kitchens.

This comes inbuilt in an electrical socket. You do not get over-current protection through a GFI.

As a result, any circuit that uses a GFI also uses fuses or circuit breakers.

Along with these protective devices, there are several other protective devices.

You can use them to 

• Find any changes in the voltage level and current
• Observe the ratio of voltage and current
• Offer protection against over-voltage and under-voltage
• Detect phase reversal and reverse current flow

What is a Short Circuit Analysis?

You can do this analysis for short circuit fault current calculations.

During an electrical fault, a certain current flows through the electrical system.

You can calculate the maximum fault current with this circuit study. However, don’t miss the contribution from generators and synchronous motors when calculating maximum fault current.

Also, take note of induction motor contributions. 

Compare these values with the equipment ratings of short circuit protection devices and installed electrical equipment.

Ensure that electrical equipment can bear the short circuit energy at each point.

Create fault currents at different locations for complete information.

Now, repeat the study. With this, design a suitable relaying system to protect the devices.

Your equipment will fail to handle a fault current in low-rating power systems.

This leads to major destruction in the power distribution system. 

For circuit study, you need power system analysis software that complies with IEEE standards.

For large systems, do circuit calculations for switchgear and relay settings. 

Short circuit analysis is important to meet several standards. 

According to NEC110, you must do short-circuit study for all electrical equipment and power systems.

This is important for NEC and NFPA labels.

For this, you need to meet the guidelines of two common standards; One is ANSI, and the other is IEC.

With ANSI standard guidelines, you can select power circuit breakers.

However, you do not get any information related to NEC110 labeling. On the other hand, the IEC 60909-3:2009 standard is more general.

Its guidelines help in performing a study of an asymmetrical circuit in a 3-phase electrical system.

You can use either of the calculation methods. You will get almost similar results.

Benefits of Short Circuit Analysis

Conducting a short circuit analysis is beneficial for your installation. 

• Firstly, it avoids unplanned outages and any disturbances in essential services.
• Secondly, it reduces the risk of fires and equipment damage.
• Thirdly, it ensures the safety of people.
• Finally, it ensures the safety and protection of the power system. This makes the system more reliable.

Software for Short Circuit Study

Some of the software programs for this are:

• ETAP
• SKM power tools
• Easy Power
• PSS

How to Conduct a Short Circuit Calculation

To apply the coordination of protective relays, a short analysis is essential.

Follow these steps for the circuit study.

Firstly, collect information related to all electrical components.

Secondly, draw a linear network of the system. The diagram must show the connections of all electrical components. You can also find cable impedance with this power system diagram.

Thirdly, select the suitable short circuit study software. Put system data as input. Do short-circuit calculations at different points. Put these results as output.

Now, organize the results. Compare the short circuit current calculations with the short circuit rating. The circuit values you compare must be from the same point. If the short circuit current is higher, mark that as dangerous.

Finally, prepare a detailed report of the study.

At last, suggest any corrections that need to be made.

Conclusion:

Don’t hesitate to do a circuit study if you doubt a short in an electric circuit.

Short circuits result in damage to wires and cables.

So, if you want high-quality cables and wires, Cloom is here to help you.

We help you with top-rated wiring harnesses and cable assemblies.

Contact us for more details.

Routing List (RL) has been used since 1958, after the air crash due to faulty device installation.

Like any other system, it plays an important role.

It provides the technician with a wide range of information, removing guesswork and safely accomplishing tasks, i.e., assembling and manufacturing.

Now, it is necessary for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for all aircraft manufacturers to devise in-depth wire harness tables for each application.

What is a Routing List for an Aircraft?

Generally speaking, every plane has a specific routing list based on the design and the electrical components.

In other words, it refers to the wire attachment pattern in the wire harness.

For example, wire XAT-125-21 may go from reference designated P1220 to T5321. Thus it is ‘routed’ from P1220 to T5321. 

This process helps the engineers and the technician get a single wire record. 

Furthermore, they can use it as a guide when doing regular maintenance.

Information in the Routing List

As mentioned above, a routing list generally gives detailed information about the wire harness in the plane.

Some of the significant features are:

Wire length

By checking the respective devices connecting wires, you can measure the wire length with the help of color codes on the wire.

Wire gauge

Wire gauge measurement can help you assemble at tight locations with limited space, but you have to use more than one different purpose.

Thus, having the gauge approximation can help in visualizing the necessities.

Contact cavity

The routing list also gives you information on wire contact gravity.

So it is helpful when you need some reference designator.

Wire Termination

You get the information of wire termination, where the contact part gets a certain number.

Thus, it is helpful for easier identification afterward.

Wire part number

Each wire part makes up a special and unique number which does help quite a lot in differentiating between wire Amps requirements for each device.

System number of wire

Since we use the wire harness subjectively, we number systems by following good design and assembly practices.

Type of signal

The table also provides helpful information about the type of signal that a wire possesses/carries.

Due to the electromagnetic effect, wiring of the same polarity may be distorted and noisy, disturbing the signs at the output.

Hence, knowing the signal the wire is caring, you can take preventive measures beforehand.

Other Names of the Routing List

The routing list also has other names like pin-out list, termination list, wire list, etc.

But no matter what you call it, you can always use it to make your working process easier and more efficient.

Conclusion

Besides wire numbers and reference indicators, you can get much more information from the tables. 

With it, you have a record of iteration. 

It is worth noting that the RL list varies across different plane makers like Rockwell Collins, Boeing, Dassault Systems, Lockheed Martin, etc.

The configuration and the design consideration also differ across manufacturers.

If something is confusing you, contact us. 

You expect nothing less than Allstar performance from your race car wiring.

That’s why you need the best automotive wiring adjustments. It’s a challenge the find the right setting. However, it enhances the safety and reliability of your ride.

Additionally, it makes it easier to maintain.

This guide focuses on race car wiring.

You’ll discover the right and wrong ways to hot rod wiring and discover the dos and don’ts of the process!

What Are the Main Race Car Wiring Principles?

Caption: Multicolored wires in the engine control unit

A reliable rod wiring harness applies several principles.

If you stick to them, you ensure everything works right.

Check out some main cautions and things to consider during the process!

Dropping Voltage

Have you heard about a “dead short?”

It should be the lowest resistance that still enables painless performance.

However, race cars are very demanding.

Therefore, there’s no room for mistakes in their electrical systems.

If you face even the smallest resistance, it can lead to major problems. 

You’ll have huge current potential if you mix ignition wire with solenoids.

It could exceed 30 Amps.

Therefore, the estimation of the voltage drop between cable ends is three volts.

That implies you could face many unpredictable situations.

While you can’t avoid some resistance, you want to find the best way to manage it.

Transient Voltage

If you say transient, that indicates a short-term event that occurred because something happened in the electronic system.

So, if you deactivate a solenoid, you generate a huge voltage for a microsecond.

Although that is a short time, it’s enough to cause problems with other components.

Your automotive wiring has many parts.

Therefore, it’s impossible to predict where the transient voltage will go.

You can manage it using a quality wiring harness and diodes throughout the coils.

Furthermore, install a diode in every relay or solenoid in the vehicle.

Wiring

Caption: Bundle of wires for automotive wiring

The first rule is that a control device shouldn’t share a connection with the power wire.

It’s smart to use separate wires for power connections. You won’t solve a problem by adding another ground.

Furthermore, that can cause more issues than resolve them.

The approach should be to create two separate buses.

So, the first one is “dirty” and handles large currents.

The other is a clean bus, which aims to reduce the risk of voltage dropping.

It’s imperative to have a quality wiring harness.

You might invest a bit more but minimize the risk of damaging the vehicle’s components.

Chassis Ground

The experts recommend minimizing reliance on chassis grounds.

It’s better not to connect grounding parts to the chassis harness.

The alternative is to find the grounding in the appropriate bus.

Furthermore, don’t connect the chassis to the clean bus.

You should only attach it to the negative battery terminal.

Five Ways to Wire a Race Car

Caption: Serviceman working with auto cables

There are multiple ways to wire a racecar, so picking the right one is vital.

Extremely Wrong Way

Can you believe that most cars have this wiring?

It involves using both batteries’ sides – positive and negative – for various components.

Therefore, you connect noisier devices, fans, pumps, and electric motors to a single wire on both sides.

Furthermore, you apply the same approach to digital electronics.

The problem is that voltage drops are probable.

Additionally, what if you deactivate the current on a fan?

It can lead to a voltage spike in other components through common wires.

So, this could easily damage your car.

Therefore, you want to steer clear of this wiring diagram.

Wrong Way

You can add two wires to the positive battery ground.

That way, digital electronics have a separate wire from solenoids and other electrical connections.

On the other hand, these devices and digital electronics share the same negative wire.

That could lead to potential problems, such as voltage drops and spikes.

Another Wrong Way

What if you use an opposite approach to the previous one?

So, you add two wires to the negative battery but use a common cable for the positive charge.

Once again, the problem is sharing the same wire.

Therefore, you could face drops in voltage and electrical noise.

Furthermore, a voltage spike might occur if you deactivate the current for a specific component.

Good Way

Caption: A futuristic concept of a race car

Although you’ll use four cables, this will still be a simple wiring diagram.

So, the idea is the following:

1. Connect two wires to the positive and the negative side.
2. Attach your fans, pumps, noisy devices, and other components. Additionally, connect the cables to the digital electronics.

The electronics receive current from the wires differently than those used for solenoids and motors.

That implies there’s no shared path, meaning there’s no voltage drop risk.

A slight drop might occur if a large-load component draws power from the battery.

However, that’s insignificant compared to the methods described above. 

The Best Way

The best method is copying the previous diagram, which has a vital edition.

You add a diode across the power wires to absorb the transient voltage.

If you deactivate the current on a solenoid or another component, it generates a huge transient voltage.

It only lasts for a microsecond, but it’s enough to damage other components.

Therefore, you add the diode to prevent sensitive components.

Do’s and Don’ts for Race Car Wiring

Caption: A mechanic checking car wiring

Would you like to know how professionals handle that bundle of wires on a race car?

Here are some tips on how to handle a wiring harness on your vehicle:

• Use zip ties. These will secure your wiring harness. Vibration is a frequent problem, so use zip ties as a solution. Additionally, your wiring harness will look better.
• Don’t make wires longer than necessary. Unless you bought custom cables, their length is longer than you need. Therefore, you should shorten them. If you leave them too long, you make a mess. Furthermore, a longer cable loses voltage with every inch.
• Solder your wiring. You might think about crimping the connections. However, it’s better to solder them. It ensures a better touch of the connector and the cable. Furthermore, it ensures vibrations won’t loosen the connection.
• Don’t forget to set a master disconnect switch. It ensures a simple way to remove all electricity from the battery. It’s an emergency option but can protect your vehicle.
• Apply grommets to protect the wiring harness. Do you need to pass a cable through a firewall opening? If yes, a grommet will ensure optimal protection.
• Check if everything else works. That includes inspecting your steering column wiring harness and other parts. That ensures the vehicle will work well on the road.

Conclusion

If you want maximum performance from your car, the wiring should be optimal.

Ensuring your race car wiring harness is ideal takes a little time and effort.

If you need some tips regarding your cable assemblies, don’t hesitate to contact us!

Our wiring harnesses are the best choice for your car to achieve maximum performance. 

The steering column wiring harness is imperative to your vehicle’s work.

Its primary function is to connect the wheel to the steering mechanism.

Additionally, it secures mounting for multiple components and manages energy dissipation if a collision occurs.

This guide explains everything about the steering column.

You’ll learn to recognize a failing column and install a new one. Furthermore, we provide detailed assembly instructions and a wiring guide!

What Are the Signs of a Failing or Bad Steering Column?

Caption: Car steering wheel repair

If the steering column starts failing, there are ways to recognize it.

So, here are the signs of a bad component.

You Can’t Lock the Steering Tilt Feature

The tilt feature allows setting the wheel’s location and angle.

Therefore, you have better comfort and easier operation.

You activate the function so the wheel moves around until it locks into position.

So, that means it’s at an optimal angle and height for the driver.

If you don’t find the wheel is locking, that indicates a problem.

Therefore, you should check the column and other parts inside it. 

You Hear Noise When Turning

Caption: Women driving a car

Does it seem like you hear the steering column when turning?

It could be clunking, clicking, grinding, or squeaking.

Furthermore, you might only hear it during more difficult steering endeavors.

The more often you hear it, the sooner you should check it out.

Otherwise, it could become a serious problem and even cause accidents.

The Wheel Won’t Return to the Original Position

You make a turn, and the wheel returns to the default position.

So, that’s the way it works with vehicles. It’s a safety function of power steering.

If it doesn’t work, that means something is wrong.

A broken gear in the steering column could be the cause.

Therefore, you should call a professional and handle the fix now.

Rough Operation of the Steering Wheel

Caption: Man driving a car

If you drive your car daily, you know when something is wrong.

Did you notice something weird when operating the wheel?

It could be that it’s difficult to turn. Perhaps it pops while turning, which indicates a steering column issue.

Debris and dirt often cause gear blockages.

Therefore, this might disrupt the wheel’s operation.

It might not be a demanding fix but handle it now.

How Much Does It Cost to Replace a Steering Column?

Caption: The components of the car in a repair shop

The price of replacing a steering column varies.

Therefore, you should consider two things – the components and the mechanics.

If you go with the latter, make sure to get several quotes.

That way, you can find a mechanic who offers the best balance of affordable price and quality.

Your car model and make will affect the total labor costs.

The experts recommend this fix cost anywhere from $500 to $1,500.

The replacement will be cheaper if your car has a simple steering column design.

On the other hand, other components might make work harder. Cruise control, radio controls, and complex wiring can be in the way.

They will require additional work so the price will be higher.

For example, you can change the steering column for $675 on an older Dodge Caravan.

The replacement of the Honda Accord costs $800. On the other hand, you’ll need $850 for Honda Civic.

If you need a steering column for Ford F-150, it will cost you over $1,000.

You can save some cash if you handle the fix.

The estimated savings can be huge.

That’s because you’ll only need to spend money on the equipment.

A Guide to Installing a Steering Column

Caption: Car steering column isolated on a white background

Does your aftermarket column need an installation?

The setup isn’t hard, but it requires time and effort.

Therefore, set aside an afternoon. Now, here are the steps to follow:

Remove the negative battery cable.

Be patient because you need to deactivate the airbag.

So, give it about 20-30 minutes before continuing.

Disconnect the plastic connector trim and hush panels.

So, you’ll find the former under the steering column.

On the other hand, look below the dash and find hush panels.

Take out the knee bolster.

You’ll find clips holding it in position below the column.

So, remove them, and do the same with any screws.

Additionally, take out the steel backing you now uncovered.

You’ll need to remove bolts to do this.

Unlock the ignition.

Furthermore, point the front wheels ahead.

If necessary, use the seatbelt to hold the steering wheel in place.

Take out the pinch bolt.

You’ll find it on the steering coupler as it connects the gear to the column.

Make sure that the wheel remains in position after disconnecting.

Otherwise, you could risk ruining pricey components. You’ll probably need a new automotive wiring harness, too.

Disconnect column wires.

If you notice any on the steering column, remove them.

Are there nuts that connect the dash to the column?

You can remove these, too. Finally, you can take out the steering column from the car.

Insert the new column.

You want to tighten it to the dash and position it inside the coupler.

Additionally, point the column’s wheel ahead.

Tighten the pinch bolt and reconnect the cables.

Once you finish, position the knee bolster and steel backing into place.

Insert the hush panels and any trim.

Return the battery.

This is the final step, so get ready for testing.

Make sure everything works before going on the road.

How to Assemble a Steering Column?

Caption: A 3D illustration of the steering column

You should assemble a steering column before installing it in the vehicle.

Therefore, we’ll detail the instructions below.

Steering Column Wiring Harness–Turn the signal lever.

You should place it in the column’s left-side hole. Next, connect it to the white mechanism with the offered screw.

On the other hand, you shouldn’t overtighten it.

Steering Column Wiring Harness–Tilt lever and flasher knob.

This should be a simple task.

So, find a small hole on the column’s right side. Thread the flasher knob onto it.

Next, find the left-side hole and mount a tilt lever.

Steering Column Wiring Harness–Shifter arm.

Find the shift arm spring and apply grease to it.

Now, please insert it into the spring hole.

However, please note a screwdriver might be necessary.

Next, move the column’s collar by twisting it.

Furthermore, twist it until the gear indicator comes into the Neutral position.

While you push the shift arm inside, you’ll notice the spring goes deeper into the hole.

Finally, align the lever’s hole with the column’s one.

Next, insert the lever pin to connect the holes.

Use a hammer, if necessary, to push the pin until the hole is flush.

Steering Column Wiring Harness–Steering wheel.

The first thing to check is whether there is a compression spring below the canceling cam.

Now, you want to place the horn connection. So, you want it at the angle between 10 and 11 o’clock.

You’ll find a metal spacer below the steering wheel and above the black horn-canceling cam.

Place the adapter or the steering wheel onto the shaft of the splined column.

Thread it on the column shaft screw nut. Finally, tighten it until you find an optimal setting.

Will replace the steer column stop signals from working?

If you don’t handle it properly, yes.

So, make sure to follow the instructions to ensure everything works right.

A Wiring Guide for the Steering Columns

Caption: Steering column and wheel on a loader

There’s no need to be afraid of wiring if you know what you are doing.

Your car might require a custom cable assembly, so get one if necessary. 

So, we’ll cover all wires for the steering columns below.

Before we do that, here are the two major components to consider:

• Standard Turn Signal Switch. General Motors has used the same switch type for over two decades. The changes between types are minor, so there shouldn’t be major differences. 
• Connector Plugs. These depend on your application. Therefore, you might need 3 7/8” plugs. On the other hand, you could use bigger or smaller. The plug’s bottom has letters. So, each letter corresponds to a particular wire. Therefore, this is the guide to use when wiring steering columns.

Now, let’s check the different wires:

• White. You connect it to terminal P on the harness plug. It serves as the brake light feed. Therefore, the cornering lights and turn signals can work even if you are braking.
• Green. So, find the N letter on the plug and connect green wires to it. Thanks to that, the right rear turn signal and the brake will work.
• Yellow. This one gives power to the left rear turn signal and brake lights. Therefore, you connect it to the M terminal.
• Purple. It goes to terminal L on the plug. Furthermore, it’s important to send power to the turn signal switch. If you don’t have a fuse panel, hook it to a switched lead.
• Brown. So, this wire goes into the K terminal. That will ensure the four-way flasher works.
• Dark blue. You have two blue wires, so pay attention to their tones. Therefore, connect the dark blue one to terminal J. You send power to the right front turn signal and auto indicator light.
• Light blue. This one gives power to the left front turn signal and indicators. You connect it to the H terminal, so don’t mix it with the dark blue wire.
• Black. Find terminal G and connect the black wire.
• That will ground the horn, but it doesn’t send power. Make sure not to feed the power to this wire.
• Otherwise, you could face issues that require spare parts.

Conclusion

We hope you now understand the steering column wiring harness. If you have a quick question or need cable assembly assistance, please get in touch with us!

Car stereos are of the least concern to the manufacturer due to the cost implications and weight concerns.

As a result, some of them stick with the least expensive options or ignore them altogether. Therefore, you have to look elsewhere for quality stereos.

Luckily, custom cabling various custom cabling solutions for aftermarket radios for brands including Alpine, Clarion, JVC, Kenwood, Panasonic, Pioneer Wiring Harness, and Sony.

Our replacement harnesses are the same quality as the original harness, just at a much lower price.

Now, read along to learn more about our car stereo service options.

Why Should You Upgrade Your Head Unit?  

Car radios are not a priority for most manufacturers. 

Remember, here are some reasons to upgrade your car unit.

Your speakers sound bored

Head units are the brains behind your car audio unit. They control all the functions relating to your stereo’s audio quality.

For example, modern head units feature an equalizer function that tweaks the bass and treble of media playing from the radio.

So, if your speakers are not performing to their full potential, aftermarket stereos are a viable option.

Nav radio and GPS

Aftermarket car stereo with integrated GPS

How do you find directions? If your answer is your smartphone, stop it.

New-age head units now have built-in navigation features to help you find your destination.

They also offer real-time data on your exact location, travel time, and traffic congestion via GPS satellite link or Nav Radio.

Digital radio and Video streaming

Car stereo with DVD screen.

Do you remember the cassette player from the 70s?

Well, that is no more. Modern car stereos can now play music and video files in various formats.

Also, lossless technology lets you store more media on your device’s memory without compromising sound quality.

Furthermore, some current head units support wireless connectivity such as Bluetooth and WiFi.

Consequently, you can enjoy hands-free calling and enjoy free satellite HD radio.

Add some flair to your interior

The touch screen on the aftermarket car stereo.

Upgrading your head unit amps up the interior of your car.

Current head units feature touch screens and voice control, allowing for a better user experience.

They also include dazzling light animations that make your ride more enjoyable. 

Keep burglars at bay

Car stereos rank first in items stolen from vehicles.

You can keep burglars away by upgrading your head unit to one that is detachable.

Remove the head unit when not used to prevent your car from being a target in rough neighborhoods.

Are you installing a new car stereo? Check this out

Car stereo with components

Your car stereo is a combination of different parts.

Therefore, you need to be wary of the upgrade’s effects on each one.

The receiver

A receiver is the control terminal for your car stereo.

It consists of the display panel, control buttons, and connection terminals. The key features to look out for include the following:

 Inbuilt preamp – in-built preamps correctly configure the audio before sending it to the amplifier.

Consequently, your sound is standard regardless of the source.

The display– Modern car stereos now come with interactive screens showing maps, videos, and music metadata.

Therefore, choose a receiver with these options to find your way when driving.

Connection ports – Bluetooth connectivity and voice control allow you to operate the stereo hands-free.

Consequently, you concentrate more on driving than switching stations.

Speakers

Coaxial car stereo speakers.

Always consider your existing speakers before upgrading your head unit.

Most stock speakers cannot handle the output of modern car stereos.

Therefore, consider the type – coaxial or component speakers, their power rating, and speaker sensitivity rating, before upgrading.

A mismatch of the two will damage the entire system.

External amplifier

External car amplifier.

Similarly, it is crucial to see whether your car has an external amplifier.

If it does, look for a head unit that matches its configurations to obtain premium sound.

Car Stereo Wire Harness Cheat Sheet

Head unit installation is a straightforward process.

All you need is an understanding of the wire harness relating to wire colors.

Additionally, you will find information on the variations available in specific modern vehicle models.

Wire harness color codes

Car Stereo wiring harness.

Aftermarket head units follow a standardized color code for the wire harness.

However, it is advisable to consult your car’s stereo manual before replacing the stock unit.

Below is the current EIA color code standard for a radio wire harness plug.

Note: 

1.  The wire colors above are standard for all aftermarket car stereo wire harnesses.

However, depending on the head unit’s features, specific colors may be unavailable. 

2.   Car manufacturers do not necessarily adhere to the above color codes.

For example, some customer vehicles do not include factory wires for rear speakers.

Therefore, consult your manual to identify the appropriate wiring connections.

Specialized Wiring Harness

Sometimes, you may require a specialized wiring harness to connect your aftermarket head unit.

Additionally, the type of wire harness you use will depend on your vehicle model.

Below are examples of where to use a custom wire harness.

Connections at a distant location—

Some of your car stereo components may be at a different location.

For example, some Ford Taurus models have the tuner and factory amplifier in the trunk. Therefore, you need a longer wire harness to reach them.

However, the wire harness plug adheres to the basic wiring scheme of standard vehicles.

How do you bypass the factory amplifier?

Factory amplifiers sometimes do not match the output of modern head units.

A specialized amp bypass harness lets you connect your vehicle’s factory speaker wiring plugs.

Furthermore, an amp bypass wiring harness is cheaper than amp integration adapters.

Car with an aftermarket amplifier in the trunk.

Are you keeping the stock amplifier in play?—

Depending on your vehicle model, the stock amplifier’s wire harness can include compatible wiring connections for your new stereo.

Consequently, your installation time is much shorter.

Alternatively, you can consult us to custom-make a wire harness plug to accommodate the new head unit.

Safety Alerts—

Accessories such as parking sensors and lane management systems use your factory speakers to sound alarms.

Therefore, installing an aftermarket stereo may result in you losing these functionalities.

So, use a specialized wire harness to connect these necessary accessories.

Proprietary technology—

Manufacturers include proprietary technology in some of their premium models.

For example, current Ford models have steering wheel audio controls for the factory stereo.

Unfortunately, these add-ons involve complex wiring that may sometimes be incompatible with your aftermarket stereo.

Therefore, you will need a specialized wire harness to maintain these conveniences.

Unique dash layouts —

Some modern vehicles integrate the factory stereo with other vehicle functions.

For example, specific Ford F-150 models have stereos and electronic climate controls in a single dash compartment.

Cloom can provide a custom dash kit featuring integration adapters to connect the complex wiring.        

Ford F-150 stock dashboard.

Antenna adapters—

AM/FM antennas vary depending on your vehicle model.

Some may follow the basic wiring scheme that plugs into the antenna port or as part of a more extensive amplification system.

Either way, you can choose from antenna adapters to make your aftermarket stereo compatible.

Steering wheel control adapters

Steering wheel audio controls are now standard in most modern vehicles.

Manufacturers include them as a safety feature to prevent you from unsafely operating the radio.

For example, you can now answer calls directly from your car’s steering wheel.

In addition, employing a steering wheel control adapter allows you to keep all functions without altering your steering wheel control interface. 

Steering wheel with audio controls.

Pioneer Wiring Harness at Cloom 

Cloom Tech manufactures and supplies wire harnesses for a variety of automobiles.

Additionally, we have thousands of hours of experience installing aftermarket Pioneer car stereos.

Here is a list of some of our products:

• Amplifier Integration Adapters for 200w Max Power – Amplifier, 4-Channel amplifier, among others
• Custom Dash Kit and steering wheel control interface for 1988-2005 GM vehicles, Ford E-150, and Ford F-150 
• Stock and custom wiring harness. For example, 16-pin wiring harness, 70-1858 wiring harness, 70-2003 radio wiring harness, RDBS radio wire harness, and ASC audio premium car stereo radio wire harness.
• Switch connectors for aftermarket stereos such as AVH-4100NEX AVIC-6100NEX.
• Antenna connectors

Cloom Tech provides comprehensive product descriptions, flexible payment, and shipping options.

Furthermore, we guarantee the fastest delivery times on all orders you place with us.

Conclusion

Do you find the above information overwhelming?

Then, reach out to Cloom to explore our automobile wiring harness solutions.  

Whether it is a specific wire harness plug or steering wheel controls for your car’s stereo, you can always rely on Cloom for help.  

The USB extension cable is of utmost importance in homes and workplaces.

It is almost impossible to discuss connectivity without the role of USB extension cables.

Are you always experiencing difficulties with data transmission?

I know how very discouraging it is for you.

Irrespective of your challenges, there is an easy way to get good signal transmission.

Creating the USB extension cable that suits your needs is impossible.

Suppose you want to gain insight into how the USB extension cable works; this is the right article to read.

In that case, it unveils the importance, uses and different ways of getting the right USB extension cable for your various needs.

Chapter 1: What is USB Extension Cable?

What is a USB extension cable?

The USB extension cable is a USB cable type that ensures the accurate transmission of signals and maintains a proper signal transmission quality.

The USB cable types remove the restriction that prevents the transmission of signals over short distances.

They also come in various colors, thicknesses, and lengths.

The use of a USB extension depends on the user’s specifications.

Application of USB extension cable

The USB extension cable aids in the transmission of data. It also helps in charging mobile phones and electronic devices.

Furthermore, it makes using personal computers easy.

Chapter 2: Importance of The USB Extension Cable

The USB extension cable is of utmost importance in homes and offices.

Many connectivity needs are possible with the use of these cable types.

Some of the significance of USB extension cables are:

It facilitates the transfer of data:

 Anyone conversant with a computer-related device understands the importance of proper signal transmission.

In cases where the signal is inadequate, it is a frustrating experience.

So many people settle for using software to facilitate data transmission speed.

With the USB extension cable, there is no need to spend a vast sum of money purchasing software.

USB extension cable possesses a different quality that aids the transmission of files irrespective of size.

USB extension cables ensure the use of a portable device: Many manufacturers have recently settled on manufacturing laptops and mobile devices that are easily moved around.

That is a result of the advent of USB extension cables.

The port of any electronic device is compatible with the USB extension cable.

You only need to consider the port size and if it suits the USB extension cable.

Multifunctional: 

The USB extension cable performs many functions almost at the same time.

It enables the user to connect a lot of electronic devices and use them for multitasking purposes.

It aids in the charging of devices: 

If you want to generate power for your mobile devices, the best cable type to go for is the USB extension cable.

The only criterion for using the USB extension cable for mobile phone charging is to ensure that the port on the electronic device is compatible with the USB extension cable.

It can also generate electricity from your car, power bank, and other computer-related devices. It is more reliable for charging mobile devices than the traditional charger type.

Transfers data without the aid of an internet connection.

There are always times when you need to use your mobile devices but cannot access the internet facility.

In such situations, the USB extension cables provide relief.

A typical example is transferring the files on your mobile device.

When you have urgent work to do on your mobile phone but do not have an internet connection, how do you do it?

The answer is quite simple! Attach your mobile phone to the computer system with a USB extension cable and transfer the files.

It curbs fluctuation associated with data transfer: It is common to experience fluctuation when transferring data.

However, there are ways to prevent the occurrence of such a situation.

That is especially common when you want to transfer huge files.

Most times, when you experience this fluctuation, it makes you uneasy because you have to start all over again! It is not a good feeling, and I guarantee you that.

Nonetheless, USB extension cables prevent such occurrences. It also hastens the data transfer process while ensuring minimal error with transferring the data or information.

It is readily available: 

USB extension cables are virtually everywhere. It is easily accessible.

They are available in different supermarkets and other related-environment.

Interestingly, USB extension cables are affordable and easy to replace if needed. More so, it doesn’t require any problematic process of usage.

It comes in various forms:

 The USB extension cable is designed to meet your specification.

It comes in different types, colors, and sizes. Any kind you require is easy to create, depending on your preference.

If you prefer to move around freely while charging your phone, you must possess a long USB extension cable type.

However, if it is for your power bank, which doesn’t require much space, you need a short one.

The USB extension cable is useful to create efficiency in any activity of your choice. Its relevance is second to none.

Chapter 3: Various Ways of Creating A Form of USB Extension Cable

If you want to get the very best from your USB extension cable, you need to understand how to connect the USB extension cables.

The USB extension cables are notable for their length and ability to compensate for shorter distances.

Hence, it is appropriate for you to understand how to improvise and achieve a USB extension cable in your different homes and offices.

There are four different methods of creating the USB extension cable.

There are always issues associated with shorter distances when using USB peripheral devices.

To prevent such problems, improvise, and create suitable USB extension cables.

The four methods of creating USB extension cables are:

How to extend the USB cable connection with USB extension cables Disassociate one end of the cable.

The USB cable end that you need to disconnect from your USB cable is the part that is attached to your computer system.

The name of the end of the USB cable device is known as the “A” connector.

Put the male end of the USB cable into the female end of the USB extension cable: The male end of the USB cable works well with the female end of the USB connection cable.

The process’s third step requires you to connect the extension cable’s male end to the furthest part.

It is important to emphasize that the male end part of both the standard USB cable and the extension cable is easily substituted for one another.

The USB extension is significant as they cover the barriers of short distances.

They are present in either single or multiple USB ports.

How to extend the USB extension cable with a Universal Serial Bus extender

To get the steps correct, you must identify the port on the end of the USB extender.

Connect the transmitter of the USB extender to a port on your computer system.

Place an Ethernet cable’s end to the transmitter’s other end on your USB extender.

The next step is effectively running the USB cable between the peripheral device you want to connect and the extender’s receiver.

Plug the end of the Ethernet cable into the receiver’s port.

The length of the USB extender depends on the length of the Ethernet cable in use.

It is known that Ethernet cables are more sufficient to transmit data than the other type of cables. They can transmit data with little interference or obstruction.

How to extend the USB connection with the aid of a USB over IP converter
Extending the USB cable connection by using the USB over IP converter is possible.

There are two necessary steps to this. They are:

Remove one end of your USB cable from its port.

Put the disconnected part into the USB over the IP converter of your device.

The next step is to put the Ethernet cable into the Ethernet port on your USB over IP converter.

Put the other end of your cable into the port on your Ethernet cable.

It would help if you remembered that the USB IP converter is beneficial when using the USB device.

That is prevalent when you want to connect it to a network.

The benefit of doing this is that it allows every other network to access data transmission easily.

The distance issue depends on the length of the Ethernet cable and the USB cable you want to use.

How to extend a USB connection with a wireless USB:

Place the wireless transmitter with a USB splitter cable.

The USB splitter cable is multifunctional.

It aids a couple of peripheral devices to connect to a host computer system simultaneously.

To make this a reality, the peripheral devices need to be in close range or proximity.

The USB device needs to access the other devices easily.

The USB device needs to be permissible to other devices.

That implies that the USB signal is to be readily accessible to other USB-related devices that require it.

The wireless USB network connection enables data transmission to other forms of multiple wireless devices at a close range with the network. It also supports other devices within the wireless transmitter’s proximity.

Chapter 4: Where to Buy The USB Extension Cable

It is not just enough to get the required information. You also need to understand how to go about it.

Many people are caught up in a web of life that do not understand how to handle USB extension cables.

It isn’t because they do not care, but a militating factor is an inability to get the right kind of help with the cable type.

Cloom Tech is an international service provider with many years in tech.

Seasoned professionals with vast experience and expertise adequately handle any activity or problem associated with the Universal Serial Bus extension cable.

You do not have to worry about getting your USB extension cables in one piece anymore.

Whatever connection you require to achieve with the USB extension cables, be rest assured that we are a set of trusted hands.

We deliver timely and accurate results within the shortest possible time frame.

Our organization is always eager to meet your needs and comfort your doorpost.

Conclusion

The Universal Serial Bus extension cables are the most common USB cable type.

They are available in almost every home and office.

The uniqueness of the Universal Serial Bus extension cable stems from the length and the quality of service delivery.

There are methods of improvising to get your desired Universal Serial Bus extension cable length.

So, contact us now!

You only need to understand the different techniques, follow the easy steps, and have the desired result.